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What is a BPMN Workflow?

BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) is an internationally recognized ISO standard for formally describing business processes in a graphical format. It facilitates discussion, ensures compatibility between business and technical teams, and enables seamless collaboration across departments and organizations.

BPMN represents a stateful business process, often involving one or more interactions with humans. In PIPEFORCE, BPMN workflows can be modeled and initiated through a graphical web interface, with the optional capability to directly start the execution of automation pipelines.

If you’re not familiar with the BPMN concept so far, we highly recommend you to learn the basics before you dive deeper into this chapter. Here you can find a first introduction on Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation .

Modelling a BPMN Workflow​

Below is a very simple example of a BPMN diagram, which shows a vacation approval process where the employee must fill-out a request form, and the supervisor can then approve or decline the vacation request:

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As you can see, it is quite easy to understand what is going on in this workflow.

A BPMN workflow typically has a single start event, one or more user or service tasks and a single end event. There are more elements possible, just to name a few for now.

Such BPMN workflows are typically designed using a BPMN modeller tool. You can use your own local software to design such a diagram and then upload it to PIPEFORCE, or you can use the built-in online BPMN modeller from PIPEFORCE, which supports these additional features:

• Discuss a BPMN diagram with your team.

• Create or link service tasks with data pipelines.

• Create or link user tasks with input forms.

• Deploy and start the diagram with one click so it becomes a workflow instance executing a real process.

• Monitor running workflow instances.

In order to draw a BPMN diagram, the most important elements are these:

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Lets shortly explain those basic items below.

Start Item

This is the starting point of a BPMN workflow and defines how the workflow will be started. This can be done manually or triggered by an event for example. If nothing is defined, it is always considered to be started manually.

User Task ​

The user task is the part of a workflow in case manual input from a user is required. For example to review some data and approve it. This input is typically requested using a form showing one or more form fields to the user he then can fill out.

Form

The workflow waits at this user task until the user has filled-out the form and finished this task by clicking the COMPLETE button of the form. In PIPEFORCE such a form can be defined in the online modeller using the FORM tab.

There are two form types available you can select from:

• Simple = The form fields can be directly defined in the tab and will be displayed vertically one after another. This is the simplest approach but is limited. So for example you can not change the orientation of the fields, no special fields are supported, fields are limited to max. 4000 chars and validation is also quite limited.

• Custom = These are advanced forms where you have full flexibility of the PIPEFORCE form framework to design your user task form. With this flexibility also a bit more complexity comes. See here for documentation about the form framework: Forms.

Assignment

User tasks can be assigned in the workflow to specific users and user groups, by using the GENERAL tab. This can be done in the Assignment section:

• Assignee is a single username. If defined, the user task will be automatically assigned to the user with this username when created.

• The Candidate Users field define the users allowed to pick and claim this task. They will see the task instance of example in the TODO filter which can be seen as a “task pool”. Same is true if user is member in one of the groups mentioned in the Candidate Groups field. Multiple entries in these fields must be separated by comma.

Service Task ​

If a task in the BPMN workflow must be executed by an automated service (“machine”), it must be marked as a service task. Such automated steps could be for example sending an email, doing a data conversion, connecting to external systems or much more complex steps. Here full automation is possible.

By default, such a service task is linked to a data pipeline which defines all these “instructions” to the “machines” (services) to be executed in an automated way as soon as the workflow arrives at this service task.

You can link a service task to a data pipeline by clicking the service task and then in the PIPELINE tab select an already existing data pipeline you would like to execute when this service task starts. Or you create a new pipeline and link it there.

Decision Gateway

In case the flow direction inside a BPMN workflow must change depending on a condition, a decision gateway or just gateway in short can be used. For example if the user has approved a request in the form, this approval information can be used to decide to follow the approval path.

End Item

The end item (also known as end state) defines when the process must be finished. Typically a BPMN workflow must always have exactly one such end state. There are some rarely cases which could differ from that.

How to start a workflow in PIPEFORCE?​

The design and execution of a workflow in PIPEFORCE is always a 3-steps task:

1. Design the workflow in the BPMN modeler, and save the result. When you work locally with the pi tool, save it at: app/myApp/workflow/myWorkflow.bpmn.

2. Deploy by pushing the DEPLOY button in the online designer, or upload the BPMN file using the pi tool by calling the command: pi publish.

3. Execute the workflow using the command workflow.start in a pipeline, and set the Id of your process as the parameter key (see BPMN file). You can use, for example, the pi tool to start a workflow:
   pi uri ”workflow.start?key=<ID>”

Then, you can login to your portal at https://<NAMESPACE>.pipeforce.net, and complete the workflow.

How to create a trigger pipeline​

A pipeline, executed when an app is started, is called a trigger pipeline. Each pipeline is written in YAML format.

1. This pipeline listens to the new form entry.

2. Sets the variables

3. Maps the form data to workflow model (workflow data).

4. Perform different operations on file / directories if needed.

5. Save the data in variables, which we can use later in our next steps / pipelines.

Let's create a simple trigger pipeline:

1. Headers​

The headers section is optional in our trigger pipeline. It is used to configure any global variable which is used to execute the pipeline e.g. description of the pipeline, auto execute pipelines, manage versions, user authorization, etc. Headers can be used in pipeline like following:

Note: To get more details regarding this feature, please see: Headers

2. Vars​

This section is also optional in our trigger pipeline. This helps to initialize the variables and set those variables later in the other steps in the same pipeline.

3. Pipeline​

Pipeline section is mandatory for execution of any application. It includes all the commands which are executed in the sequential order. We use the Pipeline Expression Language (PEL) to write the expressions in pipeline. Scope of pipeline is defined as follows:

1. Listen to events:

   Every time an event is fired after matching the given criteria, all commands after the event.listen, will be executed. It executes commands like creation of property, copy property, delete property, error handling on login, etc. For example, creation of a new property store every time the pipeline is executed.

   pipeline: - event.listen: key: "property.created" filter: "#{body.payload.target.key.contains('global/app/travelexpense/object.travelexpense/v1/instance')}"

   Note: To get more details regarding this feature, please see: Events

2. Capture the data:

   Data, which is entered in start form entry, is captured and converted into the required format e.g. converting the form values (object) into a map.

   Note: To get more details regarding this feature, please see: Convert

3. Initialize the variables: Set the values of variables and update / save them e.g.

4. Manage attachments: It helps to manage files / attachments uploaded from the entry-form and save them to a particular path / directory. Here is the bifurcated example to do this task:

   1. Create Directory / Folder

      Note: To get more details regarding this feature, please see: drive.archive.save

      Here, to create a directory, we need to run the pipeline as the system user, because only that user has the folder creation rights.

   2. Get Attachment and Get Content

      Get file from entry-form and save into a variable

      Get content of file

      Note: To get more details regarding this feature, please see: property.attachment.chunk.get

   3. Save the file into drive

5. Create roles or groups : You can also create your own role or group of roles. e.g.

Roles / Groups are created only by running the pipeline with system user only.

Note: To get more details regarding this feature, please see: property.attachment.chunk.get

6. Give permissions for accessing files to a role or a group.

7. Evaluate any expressions.

4. Workflow Model​

Workflow model enables you to map your data from entry-form to your application workflow. It allows us to use the inputted data throughout the application. The workflow model can be defined as follows:

Here, we define all the variables in key:value pair and store it in our workflow model.

Note: To get more details regarding this feature please see: Workflow Model

5. Save Workflow Model Into Schema​

It enables you to save the entry-form data into a schema. Schema is a file where we define all the fields that are there in entry-form with their data types. The file is in JSON format. e.g.

Note: To get more details regarding this feature, please see: property.schema.put

6. Start Workflow​

In this section, we define those variables which we process and use them in the subsequent steps. We use workflow.start to start processing the fields from the entry-form and map them in key:value pair and then use later in different pipelines e.g.

Note: To get more details regarding this feature, please see: workflow.start

You can access these process variables in the next pipeline as following:

vars.fname, vars.email, vars.account, vars.comment

BPMN Gateway

A gateway in BPMN is a branch of the workflow. Depending on a condition, the flow of the process can branch into different directions.

Where to define gateways conditions?​

In this example, depending on whether the supervisor has approved or declined the vacation request, the workflow should execute the “Send declined email” or the “Send approved email” task. For this, we need to define rules on the gateway edges:

1. To define the rule for the decline gateway, select the declined edge of the gateway and fill-in this condition: ${vacationApproved == false}:

2. This makes sure that this branch is executed in case the supervisor set vacationApproved to false in the task form.

3. Repeat these steps for the task “Send approved email”, and set the condition to
   ${vacationApproved == true}.

4. Click SAVE to save the current state of the BPMN workflow.

How to design gateways​

The gateway design is defined by a specific expression language named JUEL. Below, you will find that the most important operators are:

• Arithmetic: +, - (binary), *, / and div, % and mod, - (unary)

• Logical: and, &&, or, ||, not, !

• Relational: ==, eq, !=, ne, <, lt, >, gt, <=, ge, >=, le. Comparisons can be made against other values, or against boolean, string, integer, or floating point literals.

• Empty: The empty operator is a prefix operation, that can be used to determine whether a value is null or empty.

• Conditional: A ? B : C. Evaluate B or C, depending on the result of the evaluation of A.

For more details see https://docs.oracle.com/javaee/5/tutorial/doc/bnahq.html

Examples of gateway conditions​

Condition for dropdown​

• Condition refers to a field named “decision”

• Field provides a dropdown list for the user (Approve, Decline, or Delegate)

• Gateway should represent the “Approve” selection

• Condition looks like this:

Condition for checkbox​

• Condition refers to a field named “checked”

• Field provides a checkbox

• Gateway should represent the situation that the checkbox is ticked

• Condition looks like this:

${ checked } works as well. Similarly, ${ !checked } can be used in place of ${ checked == false }

Condition for value​

• Condition refers to a field named “Kosten”

• Field provides the option to type in numbers

• Gateway should represent the situation that the value is > 100, but < 1000

• Condition looks like this:

Multiple conditions​

• Condition refers to the fields: “decision” and “checked”

• Field “decision” provides a dropdown list for the user (Approve, Decline, or Delegate)

• Field “checked” provides a checkbox

• Gateway should represent the situation that:

  • “Approved” is selected from dropdown

  • Tick is set for “checked”

• Condition looks like this:

Workflow Variables

All values entered in a form are stored in variables and can be displayed & edited with subsequent task forms. In this section, you will learn how to display those variables.

Define form fields as workflow variables​

In case, you are defining form fields via the Online Workflow Modeler, like in the example below, all field IDs are directly stored as workflow variables. If you use those IDs in multiple steps in the workflow model, the content entered in previous steps are displayed automatically.

In case, you would like to use workflow variables from a trigger form, there are a few additional steps to do. These steps are described in this tutorial Tutorial: Create a new BPMN workflow, section 9 & 10.

Display workflow variables​

To display values entered during the workflow in subsequent (task) forms, you can just create a field with an identical ID in the Online Workflow Modeler (e.g. taxRate).

Make a variable read-only​

As default, the values are editable. That means a user, who is assigned to this task, is able to see the entered value and overwrite it. To change it to “read-only”, you have to follow these steps:

1. Go to your BPMN model (for example, in the online editor)

2. Open the XML view of your model

3. Add this section below the field you would like to define as “read-only” and save it:

Example:

In this example, the field named f1 is set to read only.

Expression helper methods

There are pi helper methods which can be used in any Camunda expression. These methods simplify the integration with PIPEFORCE. The can be called this way: